The differences in the fleshly ocean and the ocean circulation between the Arctic and the Antarctic.
Let us take the differences in the fleshly oceans first. The Arctic Ocean is surrounded by land with few openings to the wider ocean.
The Antarctic is open to the field oceans of the world. The Arctic is digit of the oldest ocean basins in the world. The Antarctic was formed with the breakup of Gondwanaland.
The Arctic is digit of the smallest oceans whilst the Antarctic is over 35 meg km square. The Arctic Ocean has an cipher depth of 1000m with whatever shallow areas much as the Chakchi Sea and broad transcontinental shelves.
The Antarctic is deeper with narrowing transcontinental shelves.The Arctic produces smaller counterbalance bergs on cipher than the Antarctic. Seasonal Arctic counterbalance cover is commonly thicker than the thinner counterbalance found in Antarctic due to more ocean influences in the south.
The Arctic has more freshwater run off incoming it from surrounding rivers and hence a siltier ocean floor than Antarctica. There is heavier snowfall in the Antarctic As far as circulation is afraid we wager that ocean circulation is much more restricted in the Arctic than the Antarctic..
In the Arctic 80% of liquid flows finished the Greenland Sea and 20% finished the Bearing Straits. There are two field ocean circulation patterns in the Arctic with the Beaufort gyre over the Canadian Basin and the underway which flows finished the Fram Strait.
In oppositeness in the Antarctic there is a much inferior restricted circulation systems. In fact the Antarctic has the world's largest ocean underway - the Antarctic Circumpolar Current liquid in east. This underway marks the boundary with the warmer oceans to the northerly much as the Indian and Pacific in an Atlantic known as the Antarctic Convergence Zone. However, southward of latitude 60 degrees South the underway turns west as it flows around the continent of Antarctic itself with notable eddies in the doc and Weddell Seas. To add complexity to the ocean circulation systems the Antarctic has a unfathomable liquid circulation system with the cold Antarctic Bottom Water moving north. We shall wager later that these circulation systems are vital in areas of upwelling for marine life.
Arctic and Antarctic counterbalance cover
There are several key differences in Arctic and Antarctic Ice Cover. Firstly there is the difference in extent of this cover. In the Arctic we wager an approximate range of counterbalance from 15 meg square kilometers at peak to 7 meg at minimum.
In continent we wager a range between 18 meg square kilometers at peak and 3 meg square kilometers at minimum.
In the Arctic there is an year round permanent covering of counterbalance in the bicentric Atlantic surrounded by arrange ice. This arrange counterbalance is persistent rather than permanent. Because the Arctic Ocean is relatively landlocked in comparability to the Antarctic there is inferior shitting and the counterbalance becomes thicker than at the Antarctic where the counterbalance is freer to float northwards and melt.
Also there is inferior seasonal variation in extent of counterbalance cover in the Arctic as we noted above because of this relative lack of movement. In addition in the Arctic there is inferior snow fall but in the Antarctic the counterbalance can be covered by unfathomable snow. Finally there are notable differences in the filler and form of icebergs between the Arctic and Antarctic.
Arctic has smaller icebergs which can possess a variety of colors depending on sediments and soils. Icebergs in the Antarctic tend to be much bigger and tabular in shape. The Arctic counterbalance cover also seems to be more influenced than the Antarctic by global warming so far.
The characteristics of Antarctic organisms and the personalty of counterbalance on life.
There are several important characteristics of Antarctic organisms. Firstly many Antarctic species have variable growth rates with rattling andante rates in winter and faster rates in summer, commonly due to increases in direct creation (blooming phytoplankton) and subsequent availability of food.
Some species have mostly lower metabolic rates. There are also relatively many long lived species perhaps correlated to this andante growth rate. e.g. Bowhead Whales in the Arctic and Antarctic sponges.
Size is perhaps another characteristic of Antarctic organisms with either a tendency to bigness or dwarfism. For example Antarctic bears, seals and walruses are super animals and whatever bivalve species and sponges grow to super filler in the Antarctic regions.
In oppositeness certain gastropod molluscs in the Antarctic are tiny with thin shells which take inferior forcefulness to develop. Other methods of dealing with the immense cold in both regions are varied. Some animals have matured blubber e.g whales, walruses and others thick fur e.g. Antarctic bear.
Other species ingest natural antifreeze (glycopeptides) or have another blood and organ adaptation e.g. Ice Fish ( Channichthyidae sp.) The personalty of counterbalance on chronicle are commonly negative in that counterbalance is a enthusiastic uprooter as it scours and freezes.
In both Antarctic regions most chronicle has to be mobile as the counterbalance does not allow permanent shelter. However there are exceptions to this. Many organisms live in association with counterbalance e.g. counterbalance algae.
There are over 200 species of bacteria, algae and unicellular organisms living in the counterbalance in Antarctica. Krill and another planktonic chronicle much as larval fish may graze on this algae beneath the ice.
In this significance the counterbalance actually protects whatever species. Also Antarctic counterbalance is mostly thinner than Arctic counterbalance so more light module penetrate for photosynthesis.
In addition a covering of counterbalance may protect the waters beneath and also the substrate. There are more benthic species in the Antarctic than Arctic. The Arctic specializes in burrowing or infauna species whereas the Arctic in general has more species dwelling on the surface of the substrate (epifauna).
Ice can also behave as a diminution in certain circumstances for larger forms of chronicle much as the Ringed seals who take small caves to protect their pups from Antarctic assume predation. Therefore we can conclude that although counterbalance is commonly negative toward chronicle there are many exceptions to this in both Antarctic regions.
Reproductive strategies of Antarctic organisms.
Polar organisms take several different reproductive strategies.
These can be loosely classified into
1) variations in method of sex
2) timing
3) speed of sex and
4) location of reproduction..
Let us look at variation is methods of sex
1 )Most benthic species produce super numbers of planktonic larvae but in the Antarctic regions they follow Thorson's conception with non water development and brooding of young.
This seems mainly a response to matter availability. As an example, of the 66 species of bivalve only two show planktonic sex in the Antarctic regions. However, when matter becomes more available they can switch to creation of planktonic larvae.
This lead us to the ordinal point about timing. In addition whatever species produce eggs with super yolks (lecithotrophic)
2) Many animals time egg creation to occur with planktonic blooms in spring and summer. Higher up the matter chain Polar bears give relationship to cubs in the winter so when spring comes they are more ready to utilise feeding opportunities.
Most penguins lineage in season months but monarch penguins lineage in winter and chicks become independent meet as the Antarctic season begins again to utilise feeding options.
3) Speed of creation is another reproductive strategy. Some species have rattling andante sex e.g. Aegia antarctica takes 10 years to amend sexual matureness and embryonic development takes 20 months.
4) Location of sex is also a variable. e.g. Humpback whales breeding in the warmer ocean waters and Euphausia superba releasing eggs in unfathomable ocean areas so as they rise they module find matter at a later stage. These are meet whatever of the reproductive strategies adopted in Antarctic areas.
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